用热成风螺旋度诊断强对流灾害天气     

胡润山 《气象科技》2008,36(1):15-19

对2006年7月中下旬由西太平洋地区生成,登陆我国,并对我国造成严重影响的强热带风暴"碧利斯"(0604号)和台风"格美"(0605号)的基本情况做了详细的总结,并基于武汉暴雨所AREM(Advanced Regional Eta Model)模式预报的700 hPa流场、900 hPa风场及降水量场,就模式对台风登陆时间、登陆地点、移动路径及其引发的附近最大风力和降水过程的预报情况做了分析.结果表明:"碧利斯"达强热带风暴强度,于7月14日12:50在福建霞浦登陆,后西行,造成位于21°N以北、28°N以南东西向的带状雨区,"格美"为台风强度,于7月25日15:50在福建晋江围头镇登陆,后西行,造成华东南地区近西南-东北走向的雨带,两台风给沿途及附近省份造成严重的气象灾害和人、财损失;AREM模式总体上对两台风附近最大风速,风雨带的基本位置、形态、走势、强度预报较好,对一些强降水中心的预报较为理想,但多数强中心的预报与实况存在位置和强度上的偏差;模式对于台风登陆时间和地点的预报较好,偏差较小,对于两台风西行走势的预报也基本符合实况,但也存在一定的预报位置偏差.  相似文献   

气候变暖与西安市冬季供暖的能源消耗分析     

庞文保  刘宇  张海东 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(Z1)

The accumulated negative temperature,the first heating date,the last heating date,heating duration,collective heating area and energy consumption for winter heating in Xi'an during 1986-2002 were comprehensively analyzed.The results show that under the global warming,winter in Xi'an became warmer and heating duration shone,With the development of economy,the area and energy consumption for collective heating increased continually.In the meantime,the energy consumption per unit area for winter heating decreased year by year,but it did not match the winter temperature well because the energy was not proportionally consumed according to the change of temperature.In order to conserve energy effectively,heating in winter should be timely adjusted according to actual temperature change.  相似文献   

梧州副高边缘午后局地性短时雷暴大风潜势预报初步     

卢建壮 《气象研究与应用》2008,29(1):13-15

对2007年5~9月当梧州处于500hPa副热带高压边缘时午后出现的多次短时雷暴大风天气进行分析,利用的地面、探空资料和T-lnP图,初步做出梧州处于副热带高压边缘时午后易出现短时雷暴大风潜势预报的预报指标。  相似文献   

北京地区雷暴大风的天气—气候学特征研究   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11  

秦丽  李耀东  高守亭 《气候与环境研究》2006,11(6):754-762

依据北京近郊地区沙河、南苑和西郊3个测站15年(1990~2004年)的观测资料和常规探空资料,对北京地区局地雷暴大风发生的天气、气候特征和日变化特征进行了统计分析。研究从环流形势、探空结构和环境参数特征入手,分析了有利于北京地区产生雷暴大风的不稳定度指数和能量特征,得出在此期间最有利于雷暴大风产生的探空结构为:低层暖湿,中高层有干冷空气,不稳定度较大,风垂直切变较大。还探讨了一些对流参数,如最佳对流有效位能BCAPE、下沉对流有效位能DCAPE、风暴相对螺旋度SREH、大风指数WINDEX、风暴强度指数SSI、深厚对流指数DCI等对北京地区强对流天气发展潜势的指示意义。  相似文献   

Characteristics of high heating rate biomass chars prepared under N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres     

A.G. Borrego  L. Garavaglia  W.D. Kalkreuth 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):409-415

Partial substitution of coal by biomass in combustion systems in conjunction with advanced technologies for CO₂ capture and storage may result in a significant reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. This study investigates three biomass chars produced from rice husk, forest residuals and wood chips under N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres using a drop tube furnace (DTF) heated at 950 °C. The char constitutes an unburned residue which has been devolatilized under conditions resembling in thermal history those in full scale boilers. Higher weight losses were achieved under N₂ than under CO₂ for each type of biomass, and the highest weight loss was that of wood chips biomass, followed by forest residuals and then rice husk. The results indicate significant morphological differences between the biomass chars produced. The wood chips yielded thick-walled chars with a cenospheric shape very similar to those of low-rank vitrinite. The forest residual chars were angular in shape and often had a tenuinetwork structure, while the rice husk chars retained their vegetal structure. Overall, the studied biomass chars can be described as microporous solids. However, in the case of the rice husk, the silica associated to the char walls was essentially mesoporous, increasing the adsorption capacity of the rice husk chars. The atmosphere in the DTF affects the development of porosity in the chars. The pore volumes of the rice husk and forest residual chars prepared under a CO₂ atmosphere were higher than those of chars prepared under a N₂ atmosphere, whereas the opposite was the case with the wood chip chars. The chars that experienced the most drastic devolatilization were those with the lowest intrinsic reactivity. This indicates a more efficient reorganization of the chemical structure that reduces the number of active sites available for oxygen attack. Overall a similar morphology, optical texture, specific surface area and reactivity were found for the biomass chars generated under N₂ and CO₂, which is a similar result to that obtained for coal chars.  相似文献   

Supercontinent formation from stochastic collision and mantle convection models   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

Nan Zhang  Shijie Zhong  Allen K. McNarmara 《Gondwana Research》2009,15(3-4):267-275

The large-scale tectonics in the last billion years (Ga) are predominated by the assembly and breakup of supercontinents Rodinia and Pangea. The mechanisms controlling the assembly of supercontinents are not clear. Here, we investigate the assembly of a supercontinent with 1) stochastic models of randomly-moving continental blocks and 2) 3-D spherical models of mantle convection with continental blocks. For the stochastic models, we determined the time required for all the blocks to assemble into a single supercontinent on a spherical surface. We found that the assembly time from our stochastic models is significantly longer than inferred for Pangea and Rodinia. However, our study also suggests that the assembly time from stochastic models is sensitive to the rules for randomly assigning continental motion in the models. In our dynamic models of mantle convection, continental blocks are modeled as deformable and compositionally distinct materials from the mantle. We found that mantle convective planform has significant effects on supercontinent assembly. For models with moderately strong lithosphere and the lower mantle relative to the upper mantle that lead to degree-1 mantle convection, continental blocks always assemble to a supercontinent in  250 million years (Ma) and this assembly time is consistent with inferred for Pangea and Rodinia. However, for models with intrinsically small-scale mantle flows, we found that even when continental blocks merge to form a supercontinent, the assembly times are too long and the convective structures outside of supercontinent regions are of too small wavelengths, compared with observed.  相似文献   

Influence of supercontinents on deep mantle flow   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

C. O'Neill  A. Lenardic  A.M. Jellinek  L. Moresi 《Gondwana Research》2009,15(3-4):276-287

The assembly of supercontinents should impact mantle flow fields significantly, affecting the distribution of subduction, upwelling plumes, lower mantle chemical heterogeneities, and thus plausibly contributing to voluminous volcanism that is often associated with their breakup. Alternative explanations for this volcanism include insulation by the continent and thus elevated subcontinental mantle temperatures. Here we model the thermal and dynamic impact of supercontinents on Earth-like mobile-lid convecting systems. We confirm that insulating supercontinents (over 3000 km extent) can impact mantle temperatures, but show the scale of temperature anomaly is significantly less for systems with strongly temperature-dependent viscosities and mobile continents. Additionally, for continents over 8000 km, mantle temperatures are modulated by the development of small-scale convecting systems under the continent, which arise due to inefficient lateral convection of heat at these scales. We demonstrate a statistically robust association between rising plumes supercontinental interiors for a variety of continental configurations, driven largely by the tendency of subducting slabs to lock onto continental margins. The distribution of slabs also affects the spatial positioning of deep mantle thermochemical anomalies, which demonstrate stable configurations in either the sub-supercontinent or intraoceanic domains. We find externally forced rifting scenarios unable to generate significant melt rates, and thus the ultimate cause of supercontinent breakup related volcanism is probably related to dynamic continental rifting in response to mantle reconfiguration events.  相似文献   

花岗岩浆形成定位机制的思考与研究进展   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

陈国能  王勇  陈震  彭卓伦 《岩石学报》2017,33(5):1489-1497

花岗岩(广义)是陆壳的标志,也是地球岩石圈区别于其它行星岩石圈的标志。文章介绍了行星探测和大洋调查等方面的成果对花岗岩形成的地质约束:行星从岩浆表壳向岩石表壳转换过程以及现代地幔过程,均没有产生有规模意义的花岗岩;花岗岩及其所标志的陆壳,应是星球出现水圈和沉积岩之后的产物;花岗岩在地球岩石圈二维空间上的平均生长速率,大约为485×10~3km~2/Myr;岩浆主要来自地壳岩石的部分熔融(深熔)。在此基础上,文章介绍了深熔作用方面的研究进展,讨论了部分熔融岩石的流变行为与其内熔体比的关系,并比较了岩浆侵入模型与岩浆对流模型在解释花岗岩形成定位机制方面的异同。侵入模型的困难之一来自岩体与源区分离。由于源区位于岩体下方且远离岩体,因而是不可观察的,除非岩体及其与源区之间的岩石因风化或构造被剥蚀殆尽。文章最后介绍了"深熔-对流"模型的研究进展。该模型认为"源区"与"定位区间"是统一的,当"源区"岩石的熔体比例超过流变学的临界熔体比,岩石转变为"脏"岩浆;"脏"岩浆层内的重力分异诱发热对流,后者引起"顶蚀作用",导致重熔界面(MI)或固-液转换界面(SLT)不断向上移动和岩浆层的逐渐增厚。基本认识是:熔区内的热对流是深熔作用能够形成大规模花岗岩浆的必要条件;没有对流,陆壳岩石的部分熔融只能产生混合岩,不能产生岩基规模的花岗岩。  相似文献   

利用矢量锋生函数对一次暴雨过程的分析探讨     

卢伟萍 《气象研究与应用》2004,25(1):16-18

对在江淮流域发生的一次暴雨过程观测资料计算矢量锋生函数,并用其对该过程进行了诊断分析,发现矢量锋生函数与江淮梅雨锋暴雨落区的发生移动有较好的对应关系,进而讨论了用矢量锋生函数作锋面强降雨天气预报的可能性。  相似文献   

Interaction of mesoscale convection and frontogenesis     

PENG Jiayi  FANG Juan  WU Rongsheng 《大气科学进展》2004,21(5):814-823

1. Introduction The relationship between frontogenesis and convec- ?tion has been studied intensively by many researchers ? ? ?(Orlanski and Ross, 1977 Ross and Orlansk…  相似文献